Professional Healthcare
Understanding Hepatitis
and the Appropriate Barrier Protection


References


  1. Acute Viral Hepatitis. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Section 4, Chapter 42. Accessed at: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section4/chapter42/42b.jsp on March 9th, 2004.

  2. Hepatitis, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/en/ on March 3rd, 2004.

  3. Acute Viral Hepatitis. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Section 10, Chapter 137. Accessed at: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual_home2/sec10/ch137/ch137b.jsp on April 22nd, 2004.

  4. Acute Viral Hepatitis. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Section 4, Chapter 42. Accessed at: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section4/chapter42/42c.jsp on March 9th, 2004.

  5. Liver Function. Wikipedia Encyclopedia accessed at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver#Functions_of_the_liver on April 17th, 2004.

  6. Acute Viral Hepatitis. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Section 4, Chapter 42. Accessed at: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section4/chapter42/42b.jsp on March 12th, 2004.

  7. Hepatitis A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/index.htm on April 22nd, 2004.

  8. Chin James, Control of Communicable Diseases, American Public Health Association, 17th Edition, 2000, p. 238.

  9. Chin James, Control of Communicable Diseases, American Public Health Association, 17th Edition, 2000, p. 239.

  10. Hepatitis A Virus. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms. Accessed at: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap31.html on May 4th, 2004.

  11. Chin James, Control of Communicable Diseases, American Public Health Association 17th Edition, 2000, p. 239.

  12. Hepatitis A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/fact.htm on April 22nd, 2004.

  13. Ibid

  14. Ibid

  15. Chin James, Control of Communicable Diseases, American Public Health Association, 17th Edition, 2000, p. 239.

  16. Hepatitis, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/hepatitis/en/ on March 4th, 2004.

  17. Hepatitis A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/index.htm on April 22nd, 2004.

  18. Hepatitis A Virus. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms. Accessed at: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap31.html on May 4th, 2004.

  19. Hepatitis A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ rr4812a1.htm on April 22nd, 2004.

  20. Ibid

  21. Ibid

  22. Hepatitis A. Webmaster@Hepnet. The Hepatitis Information Network. Accessed at: http://www.hepnet.com/hepa.html on April 19th, 2004.

  23. Hepatitis A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/fact.htm on April 22nd, 2004.

  24. Hepatitis A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4812a1.htm on April 22nd, 2004.

  25. Ibid

  26. Ibid

  27. Hepatitis A. Webmaster@Hepnet. The Hepatitis Information Network. Accessed at: http://www.hepnet.com/hepa/hepafact.html on April 19th, 2004.

  28. Hepatitis A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/ on April 22nd, 2004.

  29. Hepatitis, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/ on March 4th, 2004.

  30. Hepatitis A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/ on April 22nd, 2004.

  31. Ibid

  32. Hepatitis, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/ on March 4th, 2004.

  33. Hepatitis B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/ on March 4th, 2004.

  34. Hepatitis, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/ on March 4th, 2004.

  35. Hepatitis B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/ on March 4th, 2004.

  36. Ibid

  37. Ibid

  38. Ibid

  39. U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Federal Registers Occupational Injury and Illness Recording and Reporting Requirements - 66:5916-6135. Accessed at: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FEDERAL_REGISTER&p_id=16312 on March 5th, 2004.

  40. Hepatitis B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/faqb.htm on March 4th, 2004.

  41. Ibid

  42. Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/disease/hepatitis/c/fact.hmt on March 7th, 2004.

  43. Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/disease/hepatitis/c/fact.htm on March 7th, 2004.

  44. Chin James, Control of Communicable Diseases, American Public Health Association, 17th Edition, 2000, p. 23.

  45. Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/disease/hepatitis/c/fact.htm on March 7th, 2004.

  46. Chin James, Control of Communicable Diseases, American Public Health Association, 17th Edition, 2000, p. 239.

  47. Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/cnidod/diseases/hepatitis/c/fact.htm on March 7th, 2004.

  48. Ibid

  49. Hepatitis, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/ on March 4th, 2004.

  50. Ibid

  51. U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Federal Registers Occupational Injury and Illness Recording and Reporting Requirements - 66:5916-6135. Accessed at: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FEDERAL_REGISTER&p_id=16312 on March 5th, 2004.

  52. Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.thebody.com/cdc/hepcfact.html on March 7th, 2004.

  53. Hepatitis C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/hep_d/slide_1.htm on March 7th, 2004.

  54. Hepatitis, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/emcdocuments/hepatitis/docs/whocdscsrlyo20022/disease/coinfection_or_superinfection.html on March 4th, 2004.

  55. Chin James, Control of Communicable Diseases, American Public Health Association, 17th Edition, 2000, p. 240.

  56. Hepatitis D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/hep_d/slide_4.htm

  57. Ibid

  58. Ibid

  59. Hepatitis D, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int-emc-documents-hepatitisdocs-whocdscsrncs20011.pdfwhodscrncs20011.dpf.url. on March 4th, 2004.

  60. Ibid

  61. Hepatitis D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/hep_d/slide_4.htm on April 9th, 2004.

  62. Ibid

  63. Hepatitis D, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int-emc-documents-hepatitis-docswhocdscsrncs20011.pdf-whodscrncs20011.dpf.url. on March 4th, 2004.

  64. Ibid

  65. Chin James, Control of Communicable Diseases, American Public Health Association, 17th Edition, 2000, p. 254.

  66. Hepatitis D, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int-emc-documents-hepatitis-docswhocdscsrncs20011.pdf-whodscrncs20011.dpf.url. on March 4th, 2004.

  67. U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Federal Registers Occupational Injury and Illness Recording and Reporting Requirements - 66:5916-6135. Accessed at: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FEDERAL_REGISTER&p_id=16312 on March 5th, 2004.

  68. Vaccine for Hepatitis B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/ factvax.htm on March 4th, 2004.

  69. Hepatitis D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/hep_d/slide_2.htm on April 9th, 2004.

  70. Hepatitis D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/intro/hep_intro.pdf on April 9th, 2004.

  71. Ibid

  72. Hepatitis E. E Medicine. Accessed at: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic995.htm on March 26th, 2004.

  73. Chin James, Control of Communicable Diseases, American Public Health Association, 17th Edition, 2000, p. 255.

  74. Hepatitis E. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/hep_e/slide_2.htm on March 19th, 2004.

  75. Ibid

  76. Hepatitis E, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/emcdocuments/hepatitis/docs/whocdscsredc200112.pdf/hepatitisEwithTitlePage.pdf on March 4th, 2004.

  77. Ibid

  78. Hepatitis E, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/emcdocuments/hepatitis/docs/whocdscsredc200112.pdf/HepatitisEwithTitlePage.pdf page 17 on March 4th, 2004.

  79. Hepatitis E. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/hep_e/slide_2.htm on March 19th, 2004.

  80. Hepatitis E. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. Accessed at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap32.html on May 4th, 2004.

  81. Ibid

  82. Hepatitis E, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/emcdocuments/hepatitis/docs/whocdscsredc200112.pdf/HepatitisEwithTitlePage.pdf page 17 on March 4th, 2004.

  83. Hepatitis E. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/hep_e/slide1.htm slides 1-6 on March 19th, 2004.

  84. Hepatitis G Virus Infection: A Work in Progress. Hepatitis Central.com. Accessed at: http://www.hepatitis-central.com/hcv/hgv/work.html on March 26th, 2004.

  85. Ibid

  86. Hepatitis G Fact Sheet. Johns Hopkins University. Division of Infectious Diseases. Accessed at: http://www.hopkinsid.edu/diseases/hepatitis/hgv_faq.html on March 19th, 2004.

  87. Hepatitis G Fact Sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/g/index.htm on March 19th, 2004.

  88. Hepatitis G Virus Infection: A Work in Progress. Hepatitis Central.com. Accessed at: http://www.hepatitis-central.com/hcv/hgv/work.html on March 26th, 2004.

  89. Hepatitis G Fact Sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/g/index.htm on March 19th, 2004.

  90. Ibid

  91. E-notes Nursing Encyclopedia, Hepatitis Virus Tests accessed at: http://health.enotes.com/nursingencyclopedia/hepatitis-virus-tests, July 31, 2006.

  92. Journal of American Society of Hematology, Evidence Against a Direct Role Played by Transfusion-Transmitted Virus Infection in Causing Hepatic or Hematologic Manifestations accessed at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/cgi/content/full/93/7/2426, July 31, 2006.

  93. Luo K, Liang W, He H, Yang S,Wang Y, Xiao H, Liu D, Zhang L. Experimental infection of nonenveloped DNA virus (TTV) in rhesus monkey. J Med Virol. 2000 May;61(1):159-64.

  94. Nishizawa T, et al. A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminae leves in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1997; 241: 92-97.

  95. IBID

  96. Biagini P. Human circoviruses. Vet Microbiol. 2004 Feb 4;98(2):95-101.

  97. Abraham P. TT viruses: how much do we know? Indian J Med Res. 2005 Jul;122(1):7-10.

  98. Luo K, Liang W, He H, Yang S,Wang Y, Xiao H, Liu D, Zhang L. Experimental infection of nonenveloped DNA virus (TTV) in rhesus monkey. J Med Virol. 2000 May;61(1):159-64.

  99. Yzebe D, Xueref S, Baratin D, Bouletreau A, Fabry J, Vanhems P. TT virus. A review of the literature. Panminerva Med. 2002 Sep;44(3):167-77.

  100. Nishizawa T, et al. A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminae leves in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1997; 241: 92-97.

  101. IBID

  102. Naoumov N, et al. Presence of a newly described human DNA viru (TTV) in patients with liver disease. Lancet, 1998; 352: 195-87.

  103. Hepatitis E, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response.World Health Organization. Accessed http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/en/admicrob3.pdf on May 21st, 2004

  104. Section 9 Hadziyannis S, et al. 11th International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease (ISVHLD) 2003, Sydney, Australia. Available online at: www.tourhosts.com.au/isvhld/ [Abstract 1065]

  105. Hepatitis E, WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response.World Health Organization. Accessed http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/en/admicrob3.pdf on May 21st, 2004

  106. Korniewicz, DM, El-Masri, M., Broytes, JM. Martin, CD., O’Connell, KP. Performance of latex and nonlatex medical examination gloves during simulated use. Am J Infect Control 2002. 30(2): 133-138.

  107. IBID


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